The UCSC Genome Browser database: 2024 update.

The UCSC Genome Browser (https://genome.ucsc.edu) is a web-based genomic visualization and analysis tool that serves data to over 7,000 distinct users per day worldwide. It provides annotation data on thousands of genome assemblies, ranging from human to SARS-CoV2. This year, we have introduced new data from the Human Pangenome Reference Consortium and on viral genomes including SARS-CoV2. We have added 1,200 new genomes to our GenArk genome system, increasing the overall diversity of our genomic representation. We have added support for nine new user-contributed track hubs to our public hub system. Additionally, we have released 29 new tracks on the human genome and 11 new tracks on the mouse genome. Collectively, these new features expand both the breadth and depth of the genomic knowledge that we share publicly with users worldwide.

GenArk: towards a million UCSC genome browsers.

Interactive graphical genome browsers are essential tools in genomics, but they do not contain all the recent genome assemblies. We create Genome Archive (GenArk) collection of UCSC Genome Browsers from NCBI assemblies. Built on our established track hub system, this enables fast visualization of annotations. Assemblies come with gene models, repeat masks, BLAT, and in silico PCR. Users can add annotations via track hubs and custom tracks. We can bulk-import third-party resources, demonstrated with TOGA and Ensembl gene models for hundreds of assemblies.Three thousand two hundred sixty-nine GenArk assemblies are listed at https://hgdownload.soe.ucsc.edu/hubs/ and can be searched for on the Genome Browser gateway page.

GenArk: Towards a million UCSC Genome Browsers.

Interactive graphical genome browsers are essential tools for biologists working with DNA sequences. Although tens of thousands of new genome assemblies have become available over the last decade, accessibility is limited by the work involved in manually creating browsers and curating annotations. The results can push the limits of data storage infrastructure. To facilitate managing this increasing number of genome assemblies, we created the Genome Archive (GenArk) collection of UCSC Genome Browsers from assemblies hosted at NCBI(1). Built on our established assembly hub system, this collection enables fast, on-demand visualization of chromosome regions without requiring a database server. Available annotations include gene models, some mapped through whole-genome alignments, repeat masks, GC content, and others. We also modified our popular BLAT(2) aligner and in-silico PCR to support a large number of genomes using limited RAM. Users can upload additional annotations themselves via track hubs(3) and custom tracks. We can import more annotations in bulk from third-party resources, demonstrated here with TOGA(4) gene models. 2,430 GenArk assemblies are listed at https://hgdownload.soe.ucsc.edu/hubs/ and can be found by searching on the main UCSC gateway page. We will continue to add human high-quality assemblies and for other organisms, we are looking forward to receiving requests from the research community for ever more browsers and whole-genome alignments via http://genome.ucsc.edu/assemblyRequest.html.

Associations between sexual orientation and early adolescent screen use: findings from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study.

PURPOSE: To assess the association between sexual orientation and screen use (screen time and problematic screen use) in a demographically diverse national sample of early adolescents in the United States. METHODS: We analyzed cross-sectional data from year 2 of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (N = 10,339, 2018-2020, ages 10-14 years). Multiple linear regression analyses estimated the association between sexual orientation and recreational screen time, as well as problematic use of video games, social media, and mobile phones. RESULTS: In a sample of 10,339 adolescents (48.7% female, 46.0% racial/ethnic minority), sexual minority (compared to heterosexual) identification was associated with 3.72 (95% CI 2.96-4.47) more hours of daily recreational screen time, specifically more time on television, YouTube videos, video games, texting, social media, video chat, and browsing the internet. Possible sexual minority identification (responding "maybe" to the sexual minority question) was associated with 1.58 (95% CI 0.92-2.24) more hours of screen time compared to heterosexual identification. Sexual minority and possible sexual minority identification were associated with higher problematic social media, video games, and mobile phone use. CONCLUSIONS: Sexual minority adolescents spend a disproportionate amount of time engaging in screen-based activities, which can lead to problematic screen use.

Sexual Orientation Disparities in Early Adolescent Sleep: Findings from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine associations between sexual minority status (e.g., gay or bisexual) and sleep problems in a demographically diverse, national sample of U.S. early adolescents. Methods: We analyzed cross-sectional data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (Year 2, 2018-2020) to estimate associations between sexual orientation and sleep problems or disturbance, adjusting for confounders and testing potential mediators (depressive problems, stress problems, family conflict, and parental monitoring). Results: In a sample of 8563 adolescents 10- to 14-years-old, 4.4% identified as sexual minority individuals. Sexual minority status was associated with self-reported trouble falling or staying asleep (risk ratio [RR] = 2.24, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.88-2.68) and caregiver-reported sleep disturbance (RR = 1.50, 95% CI = 1.29-1.75). The association between sexual minority status and trouble falling or staying asleep was partially mediated by greater depressive problems, more family conflict, and less parental monitoring, whereas the association between sexual minority status and caregiver-reported sleep disturbance was partially mediated by greater depressive problems, higher stress, and greater family conflict. Conclusions: Our results indicate that sexual minority status may be linked to sleep disturbance in early adolescence. Depressive problems, stress, family conflict, and less parental monitoring partially mediate disparities in sleep health for sexual minority youth. Future research could test interventions to promote family and caregiver acceptance and mental health support for sexual minority youth to improve their sleep and other health outcomes.

Association of Physical Activity and Screen Time With Body Mass Index Among US Adolescents.

Importance: The Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Scientific Report identified important research gaps to inform future guidance for adolescents, including limited evidence on the importance of sedentary behaviors (screen time) and their interactions with physical activity for adolescent health outcomes, including overweight and obesity. Objective: To identify the independent associations of physical activity and screen time categories, and the interactions between physical activity and screen time categories, with body mass index (BMI) and overweight and obesity in adolescents. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cross-sectional study used data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study collected from September 10, 2018, to September 29, 2020. Data were analyzed from July 8 to December 20, 2022. A total of 5797 adolescents aged 10 to 14 years from 21 racially and ethnically diverse study sites across the US were included in the analysis. Exposures: Categories of total step count per day (with 1000 to 6000 steps per day indicating low, >6000 to 12 000 steps per day indicating medium, and >12 000 steps per day indicating high), as measured by a wearable digital device (Fitbit), and categories of self-reported screen time hours per day (with 0 to 4 hours per day indicating low, >4 to 8 hours per day indicating medium, and >8 hours per day indicating high). Main Outcomes and Measures: Participant BMI was calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared and converted into sex- and age-specific percentiles in accordance with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention growth curves and definitions. Individuals were classified as having overweight or obesity if their BMI was in the 85th percentile or higher for sex and age. Results: Among 5797 adolescents included in the analytic sample, 50.4% were male, 61.0% were White, 35.0% had overweight or obesity, and the mean (SD) age was 12.0 (0.6) years. Mean (SD) reported screen time use was 6.5 (5.4) hours per day, and mean (SD) overall step count was 9246.6 (3111.3) steps per day. In models including both screen time and step count, medium (risk ratio [RR], 1.24; 95% CI, 1.12-1.37) and high (RR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.16-1.44) screen time categories were associated with higher overweight or obesity risk compared with the low screen time category. Medium (RR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.06-1.35) and low (RR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.11-1.51) step count categories were associated with higher overweight or obesity risk compared with the high step count category. Evidence of effect modification between screen time and step count was observed for BMI percentile. For instance, among adolescents with low screen use, medium step count was associated with a 1.55 higher BMI percentile, and low step count was associated with a 7.48 higher BMI percentile. However, among those with high screen use, step count categories did not significantly change the association with higher BMI percentile (low step count: 8.79 higher BMI percentile; medium step count: 8.76 higher BMI percentile; high step count: 8.26 higher BMI percentile). Conclusions and Relevance: In this cross-sectional study, a combination of low screen time and high step count was associated with lower BMI percentile in adolescents. These results suggest that high step count may not offset higher overweight or obesity risk for adolescents with high screen time, and low screen time may not offset higher overweight or obesity risk for adolescents with low step count. These findings addressed several research gaps identified by the Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Scientific Report and may be used to inform future screen time and physical activity guidance for adolescents.

Screen Time from Adolescence to Adulthood and Cardiometabolic Disease: a Prospective Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have analyzed the relationship between screen time and cardiometabolic disease risk factors among adolescents, but few have examined the longitudinal effects of screen time on cardiometabolic health into adulthood using nationally representative data. OBJECTIVE: To determine prospective associations between screen time and later cardiometabolic disease over a 24-year period using a nationally representative adolescent cohort. DESIGN: Longitudinal prospective cohort data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) collected from 1994 to 2018. PARTICIPANTS: Adolescents aged 11-18 years old at baseline (1994-1995) followed for 24 years. MAIN MEASURES: Predictors: screen time (five repeated measures of self-reported television and video watching from adolescence to adulthood). OUTCOMES: Five repeated measures of body mass index (BMI); two repeated measures of waist circumference, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes collected at 15- and 24-year follow-up exams. KEY RESULTS: For the 7105 adolescents in the sample (49.7% female, 35.0% non-white), the baseline adolescent average screen time per day was 2.86 ± 0.08 hours per day, which generally declined through 24-year follow-up. Average BMI at baseline was 22.57 ± 0.13 kg/m2, which increased to 30.27 ± 0.18 kg/m2 through follow-up. By 24-year follow-up, 43.4% of participants had obesity, 8.4% had diabetes, 31.8% had hypertension, and 14.9% had hyperlipidemia. In mixed-effects generalized linear models, each additional hour of screen time per day was associated with 0.06 (95% CI 0.04-0.09) within-person increase in BMI. Each additional hour of screen time per day was associated with higher within-person odds of high waist circumference (AOR 1.17, 95% CI 1.09-1.26), obesity (AOR 1.09, 95% CI 1.03-1.15), and diabetes (AOR 1.17, 95% CI 1.07-1.28). Screen time was not significantly associated with hypertension or hyperlipidemia. CONCLUSIONS: In this prospective cohort study, higher screen time in adolescence was associated with higher odds of select indicators of cardiometabolic disease in adulthood.

The UCSC Genome Browser database: 2023 update.

The UCSC Genome Browser (https://genome.ucsc.edu) is an omics data consolidator, graphical viewer, and general bioinformatics resource that continues to serve the community as it enters its 23rd year. This year has seen an emphasis in clinical data, with new tracks and an expanded Recommended Track Sets feature on hg38 as well as the addition of a single cell track group. SARS-CoV-2 continues to remain a focus, with regular annotation updates to the browser and continued curation of our phylogenetic sequence placing tool, hgPhyloPlace, whose tree has now reached over 12M sequences. Our GenArk resource has also grown, offering over 2500 hubs and a system for users to request any absent assemblies. We have expanded our bigBarChart display type and created new ways to visualize data via bigRmsk and dynseq display. Displaying custom annotations is now easier due to our chromAlias system which eliminates the requirement for renaming sequence names to the UCSC standard. Users involved in data generation may also be interested in our new tools and trackDb settings which facilitate the creation and display of their custom annotations.

Comparison of two behavioral tests for tinnitus assessment in mice.

Animal research focused on chronic tinnitus associated with noise-induced hearing loss can be expensive and time-consuming as a result of the behavioral training required. Although there exist a number of behavioral tests for tinnitus; there have been few formal direct comparisons of these tests. Here, we evaluated animals in two different tinnitus assessment methods. CBA/CaJ mice were trained in an operant conditioning, active avoidance (AA) test, and a reflexive, gap-induced pre-pulse inhibition of acoustic startle (GPIAS) test, or both. Tinnitus was induced in awake mice by unilateral continuous sound exposure using a 2-kHz- or 1 2 octave-wide noise centered at 16 kHz and presented at 113- or 116-dB SPL. Tinnitus was assessed 8 weeks after sound overexposure. Most mice had evidence of tinnitus behavior in at least one of the two behaviors. Of the mice evaluated in AA, over half (55%) had tinnitus positive behavior. In GPIAS, fewer animals (13%) were positive than were identified using the AA test. Few mice were positive in both tests (10%), and only one was positive for tinnitus behavior at the same spectral frequency in both tests. When the association between tinnitus behavior and spontaneous activity recorded in the inferior colliculus was compared, animals with tinnitus behavior in AA exhibited increased spontaneous activity, while those positive in GPIAS did not. Thus, it appears that operant conditioning tests, like AA, maybe more reliable and accurate tests for tinnitus than reflexive tests.

Application of the Older Adult Self-Report and Older Adult Behavior Checklist to Chinese Older Adults: Syndrome Structure and Inter-Informant Agreement.

Despite the rapid aging of the world's population, comprehensive assessment tools to meet the mental health needs of older adults are lacking. The aim of the current study was to assess the multidimensionality of Chinese versions of U.S.-derived instruments designed to evaluate a broad spectrum of emotional, behavioral, social, and thought problems in older adults. The Older Adult Self-Report (OASR) and Older Adult Behavior Checklist (OABCL) were completed by 686 and 639 older adults, respectively, aged 60 to 99 years, from a sample of 755 older adults. Confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) on the 97 OASR/OABCL problem items found that the models showed good fit according to our primary and secondary fit indices. None of the seven syndromes showed informant effects, whereas four showed small sex effects, and three showed small age effects. Overall, findings demonstrate the applicability of the seven syndrome OASR/OABCL model to Chinese older adults and support the use of these instruments to assess older adult mental health in Chinese clinical and research settings. These standardized tools can help health care professionals more comprehensively assess cognitive, behavioral, and mental health problems among Chinese-speaking older adult populations. [Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 48(8), 26-32.].

Long-Duration Sound-Induced Facilitation Changes Population Activity in the Inferior Colliculus.

The inferior colliculus (IC) is at the midpoint of the auditory system and integrates virtually all information ascending from the auditory brainstem, organizes it, and transmits the results to the auditory forebrain. Its abundant, excitatory local connections are crucial for this task. This study describes a long duration sound (LDS)-induced potentiation in the IC that changes both subsequent tone-evoked responses and spontaneous activity. Afterdischarges, changes of spontaneous spiking following an LDS, were seen previously in single neurons. Here, we used multi-channel probes to record activity before and after a single, tetanic sound and describe the changes in a population of IC neurons. Following a 60 s narrowband-noise stimulation, a subset of recording channels (∼16%) showed afterdischarges. A facilitated response spike rate to tone pips following an LDS was also observed in ∼16% of channels. Both channels with an afterdischarge and channels with facilitated tone responses had higher firing rates in response to LDS, and the magnitude of the afterdischarges increased with increased responses to the LDS. This is the first study examining the effect of LDS stimulation on tone-evoked responses. This observed facilitation in vivo has similarities to post-tetanic potentiation in vitro as both manner of induction (strong stimulation for several seconds) as well as time-course of the facilitation (second to minute range) are comparable. Channels with and without facilitation appear to be intermixed and distributed widely in the central nucleus of IC, and this suggests a heretofore unknown property of some IC neurons or their circuits. Consequently, this sound-evoked facilitation may enhance the sound-evoked output of these neurons, while, simultaneously, most other IC neurons have reduced or unchanged output in response to the same stimulus.

Two-Year Tumor Outcomes of a Phase 2B, Randomized, Double-Blind Trial of Avasopasem Manganese (GC4419) Versus Placebo to Reduce Severe Oral Mucositis Owing to Concurrent Radiation Therapy and Cisplatin for Head and Neck Cancer.

PURPOSE: Avasopasem manganese (GC4419), an investigational selective dismutase mimetic radioprotector, reduced duration, incidence, and severity of severe oral mucositis (World Health Organization grade 3-4) in a phase 2b, randomized, double-blind trial of patients receiving concurrent cisplatin (cis) and radiation therapy (RT) for head and neck cancer. We report the secondary endpoints of final 1- and 2-year tumor outcomes and exploratory data on trismus and xerostomia. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Patients with locally advanced oral cavity or oropharynx cancer to be treated with definitive or postop cis and RT were randomized to 1 of 3 arms: 30 mg avasopasem, 90 mg avasopasem, or placebo. Pairwise comparisons of Kaplan-Meier estimates (each active arm separately vs placebo) were made for overall survival, progression-free survival, locoregional control, and distant metastasis-free survival. Xerostomia and trismus data were collected at each follow-up visit and analyzed for trends by post-RT timepoint and treatment group. RESULTS: At a median follow-up for the entire cohort of 25.5 months (25th-75th percentile, 24.6-26.2 months; range, 0.2-31.9 months), Kaplan-Meier estimates of 1- and 2-year overall survival, progression-free survival, locoregional control, and distant metastasis-free survival were not statistically different. No trends were apparent in xerostomia or trismus data. CONCLUSIONS: Avasopasem does not lead to statistically different tumor control outcomes when used concurrently with cis and RT for head and neck cancer. There was no detectable effect on trismus or xerostomia.

Variant interpretation: UCSC Genome Browser Recommended Track Sets.

The UCSC Genome Browser has been an important tool for genomics and clinical genetics since the sequence of the human genome was first released in 2000. As it has grown in scope to display more types of data it has also grown more complicated. The data, which are dispersed at many locations worldwide, are collected into one view on the Browser, where the graphical interface presents the data in one location. This supports the expertise of the researcher to interpret variants in the genome. Because the analysis of single nucleotide variants and copy number variants require interpretation of data at very different genomic scales, different data resources are required. We present here several Recommended Track Sets designed to facilitate the interpretation of variants in the clinic, offering quick access to datasets relevant to the appropriate scale.

The UCSC Genome Browser database: 2022 update.

The UCSC Genome Browser, https://genome.ucsc.edu, is a graphical viewer for exploring genome annotations. The website provides integrated tools for visualizing, comparing, analyzing, and sharing both publicly available and user-generated genomic datasets. Data highlights this year include a collection of easily accessible public hub assemblies on new organisms, now featuring BLAT alignment and PCR capabilities, and new and updated clinical tracks (gnomAD, DECIPHER, CADD, REVEL). We introduced a new Track Sets feature and enhanced variant displays to aid in the interpretation of clinical data. We also added a tool to rapidly place new SARS-CoV-2 genomes in a global phylogenetic tree enabling researchers to view the context of emerging mutations in our SARS-CoV-2 Genome Browser. Other new software focuses on usability features, including more informative mouseover displays and new fonts.

The Application of the Adult Self-Report and the Adult Behavior Checklist Form to Chinese Adults: Syndrome Structure, Inter-Informant Agreement, and Cultural Comparison.

Given the global public health burden of mental illness, there is a critical need for culturally validated psychopathology assessment tools that perform well in diverse societies. This study examines the psychometric properties of the Adult Self-Report (ASR) and Adult Behavioral Checklist (ABCL) from the Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessments in adults in China. Chinese adults (N = 1276) and their spouses completed the ASR and ABCL, respectively. We conducted confirmatory factor analysis on 99 ASR items and 93 ABCL items. Estimators of model fit confirmed that both measures demonstrated excellent fit (e.g., root mean square error of approximation = 0.016 and 0.018, respectively). Syndrome loadings on both measures were satisfactory but generally higher on the ASR. Neither gender nor education had significant effects, but there were informant x gender effects on most problem scales. Cross-informant agreement correlations between the ASR and ABCL were medium to large. Findings from this novel sample of Chinese adults are consistent with previous validation studies supporting the dimensionality, syndrome structure, gender differences, and inter-informant agreement of the ASR and ABCL. Our findings contribute to the cross-cultural understanding of mental health assessment and offer a psychometrically sound approach to measuring adult psychopathology in Chinese populations.

Molecular and cellular basis of acid taste sensation in Drosophila.

Acid taste, evoked mainly by protons (H+), is a core taste modality for many organisms. The hedonic valence of acid taste is bidirectional: animals prefer slightly but avoid highly acidic foods. However, how animals discriminate low from high acidity remains poorly understood. To explore the taste perception of acid, we use the fruit fly as a model organism. We find that flies employ two competing taste sensory pathways to detect low and high acidity, and the relative degree of activation of each determines either attractive or aversive responses. Moreover, we establish one member of the fly Otopetrin family, Otopetrin-like a (OtopLa), as a proton channel dedicated to the gustatory detection of acid. OtopLa defines a unique subset of gustatory receptor neurons and is selectively required for attractive rather than aversive taste responses. Loss of otopla causes flies to reject normally attractive low-acid foods. Therefore, the identification of OtopLa as a low-acid sensor firmly supports our competition model of acid taste sensation. Altogether, we have discovered a binary acid-sensing mechanism that may be evolutionarily conserved between insects and mammals.

The influence of social anxiety-provoking contexts on context reinstatement effects.

The context reinstatement (CR) effect is the finding that target stimuli are better remembered when presented in the same context as during initial encoding, compared with a different context. It remains unclear, however, whether emotional features of the context affect this memory benefit. In two experiments, we investigated whether the anxiety-provoking nature of a context scene might influence the CR effect. During encoding, participants viewed target faces paired with scenes validated as either highly anxiety-provoking or not, half of which contained other faces embedded within the scene. During retrieval, target faces were presented again with either the same or a new context scene. In Experiment 1, the expected CR effect was observed when the contexts were low-anxiety scenes or high-anxiety scenes without embedded faces. In contrast, the CR effect was absent when the contexts were high-anxiety scenes containing embedded faces. In Experiment 2, to determine whether the presence of embedded faces or the anxiety level of scenes reduced the CR effect, we included an additional context type: low-anxiety scenes with embedded faces. Once again, the CR effect was absent only when the context scene was highly anxiety-provoking with embedded faces: reinstating this context type failed to benefit memory for targets. Results suggest that the benefit to target memory via reinstating a context depends critically on emotional characteristics of the reinstated context.

Developmental PCB Exposure Disrupts Synaptic Transmission and Connectivity in the Rat Auditory Cortex, Independent of Its Effects on Peripheral Hearing Threshold.

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are enduring environmental toxicants and exposure is associated with neurodevelopmental deficits. The auditory system appears particularly sensitive, as previous work has shown that developmental PCB exposure causes both hearing loss and gross disruptions in the organization of the rat auditory cortex. However, the mechanisms underlying PCB-induced changes are not known, nor is it known whether the central effects of PCBs are a consequence of peripheral hearing loss. Here, we study changes in both peripheral and central auditory function in rats with developmental PCB exposure using a combination of optical and electrophysiological approaches. Female rats were exposed to an environmental PCB mixture in utero and until weaning. At adulthood, auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) were measured, and synaptic currents were recorded in slices from auditory cortex layer 2/3 neurons. Spontaneous IPSCs (sIPSCs) and miniature IPSCs (mIPSCs) were more frequent in PCB-exposed rats compared with controls and the normal relationship between IPSC parameters and peripheral hearing was eliminated in PCB-exposed rats. No changes in spontaneous EPSCs were found. Conversely, when synaptic currents were evoked by laser photostimulation of caged-glutamate, PCB exposure did not affect evoked inhibitory transmission, but increased the total excitatory charge, the number and distance of sites that evoke a significant response. Together, these findings indicate that early developmental exposure to PCBs causes long-lasting changes in both inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmission in the auditory cortex that are independent of peripheral hearing changes, suggesting the effects are because of the direct impact of PCBs on the developing auditory cortex.

Meaningful faces: Self-relevance of semantic context in an initial social encounter improves later face recognition.

Self-relevant stimuli (i.e. meaningful/important to the observer and related to the self) are typically remembered better than other-relevant stimuli. However, whether a self-relevance memory benefit could be conferred to a novel neutral face, remains to be seen. Recent studies have shown that emotional responses to neutral faces can be altered by using a preceding sentence as context that varies in terms of self-relevance (self/other-relevant) and valence (positive/negative; e.g. "S/he thinks your comment is dumb/smart"). We adapted this paradigm to investigate whether the context conferred by the preceding sentence also impacts memorability of the subsequently presented face. Participants saw faces primed with contextual sentences and rated how aroused, and how positive or negative, the faces made them feel. Later incidental recognition accuracy for the faces was greater when these had been preceded by self-relevant compared to other-relevant sentences. Faces preceded by self-relevant contexts were also rated as more arousing. There was no impact of sentence valence on arousal ratings or on recognition memory for faces. Sentence self-relevance and valence interacted to affect participants' ratings of how positive or negative the faces made them feel during encoding, but did not interact to impact later recognition. Our results indicate that initial social encounters can have a lasting effect on one's memory of another person, producing an enhanced memory trace of that individual. We propose that the effect is driven by an arousal-based mechanism, elicited by faces perceived to be self-relevant.

The UCSC Genome Browser database: 2021 update.

For more than two decades, the UCSC Genome Browser database (https://genome.ucsc.edu) has provided high-quality genomics data visualization and genome annotations to the research community. As the field of genomics grows and more data become available, new modes of display are required to accommodate new technologies. New features released this past year include a Hi-C heatmap display, a phased family trio display for VCF files, and various track visualization improvements. Striving to keep data up-to-date, new updates to gene annotations include GENCODE Genes, NCBI RefSeq Genes, and Ensembl Genes. New data tracks added for human and mouse genomes include the ENCODE registry of candidate cis-regulatory elements, promoters from the Eukaryotic Promoter Database, and NCBI RefSeq Select and Matched Annotation from NCBI and EMBL-EBI (MANE). Within weeks of learning about the outbreak of coronavirus, UCSC released a genome browser, with detailed annotation tracks, for the SARS-CoV-2 RNA reference assembly.